#Goodmorning

⏳ 36 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳125 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳ Tomorrow GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳ All the best Opsc mains 19th April
⏳6 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳51 days left ESE Prelims
⏳52 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳59 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳71 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳100 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳176 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

🔆 Organizations Before INC

📍 Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha (1836)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

📍 Zamindari Association (1837)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Dwarkanath Tagore

📍 British India Society (1839)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: William Adam

📍 The Bengal British India Society (1843)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 British India Association (1851)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 Madras Native Association (1852)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founder: Gazalu Chetty

📍 Bombay Association (1852)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founder: Jagannath Shankar Seth

📍 East India Association (1866)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Dadabhai Naoroji

📍 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870)
✅ Location: Bombay (Poona)
✅ Founders: M. G. Ranade, Ganesh Vasudev Joshi, S. H. Chipalunkar

📍 National Indian Association (1870)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Mary Carpenter

📍 Indian Society (1872)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Anand Mohan Bose

📍 Indian League (1875)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Sisir Kumar Ghosh

📍 The Indian Association of Calcutta (1876)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: S. N. Banerjea, Anand Mohan Bose

📍 The Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founders: M. Veeraraghavachari, G. Subramania Aiyer, P. Anand Charlu

📍 Bombay Presidency Association (1885)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founders: K. T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta


#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

Day 107: 19 April target:

History
Topics:
Revision of medieval history
PYQs




Current Affairs: September, October, November,2024
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆India’s Energy Goals:
✅Net Zero Target by 2070: India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, requiring massive shifts in energy systems.
✅500 GW from Non-Fossil Sources by 2030: India plans to install 500 GW of non-fossil capacity (solar, wind, nuclear, hydro).
✅Nuclear Energy Expansion: Government aims for 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047 to meet base-load requirements.
✅Green Hydrogen Mission: Focus on using renewable electricity for green hydrogen to decarbonise industries.
✅Electrification of End-Use Sectors: Transition to electric vehicles, heat pumps, and electric furnaces to cut fossil fuel dependency

🔆Government Initiatives for Elderly Care:
✅Atal Vayo Abhyudaya Yojana (AVYAY): Offers elderly homes, continuous care centers, and Mobile Medicare Units.
✅National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE): Provides dedicated healthcare at primary to tertiary levels.
✅SACRED Portal: Enables re-employment of senior citizens and supports their dignity in work.
✅Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY): Distributes assistive devices to BPL seniors to aid mobility and independence.
✅Social Pension Schemes (NSAP): IGNOAPS provides direct pension support to poor elderly aged 60–79.

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🔆 Global Events


📍 Namibia
✅ Facing its worst drought in a century, worsened by El Niño.
✅ Located in Southwest Africa, bordering Angola, Zambia, South Africa, and Botswana.

📍 Sudan
✅ Ongoing war continues to devastate the country.
✅ Located in Northeast Africa, bordering Egypt, Chad, Central African Republic, Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and South Sudan.

📍 Brunei
✅ India’s first bilateral visit to Brunei Darussalam.
✅ A small Southeast Asian nation on Borneo Island, bordered by Malaysia’s Sarawak state and the South China Sea.
✅ Part of the Commonwealth & ASEAN.

📍 Vietnam
✅ Typhoon Yagi has killed 143 people in northern Vietnam.
✅ Located in Southeast Asia, sharing borders with China, Laos, Cambodia, and maritime borders in the South China Sea.

📍 Mexico
✅ Reformed its judicial system, becoming the first country to elect judges at all levels.
✅ Located in North America, bordering U.S., Guatemala, Belize, and has coastlines along the Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.

📍 Gulf of Mexico
✅ Hurricane Francine disrupted 42% of crude oil and 53% of natural gas production in the U.S.
✅ Large ocean basin, bordered by U.S., Mexico, and Cuba, draining the Mississippi and Rio Grande rivers.

📍 Amazon River
✅ Experiencing unprecedented drought, with historic low water levels.
✅ Originates in the Peruvian Andes, the largest river by water volume, draining into the Atlantic Ocean.

#Places_in_news

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GST Rates 2025 ✅

Morag Axis

✅It cuts across Gaza between the southern cities of Rafah and Khan Yunis. 
✅This move effectively links the Philadelphi Route along the Egyptian border to Morag, creating a wider Israeli-controlled “security zone.”
✅The Morag corridor joins other key zones under Israeli control, including the Philadelphi and Netzarim corridors. 
✅The Philadelphi Corridor refers to a narrow strip of land along Gaza’s border with Egypt that has been under Israeli control since 2024.
✅Together with expanded buffer zones, these give Israel control of over 50% of Gaza’s territory

#prelims
#Places_in_news

Join @Mapping_prelims_mains

#Goodmorning

⏳ 37 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳126 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳2 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳ Tomorrow Opsc mains 19th April
⏳7 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳52 days left ESE Prelims
⏳53 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳60 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳72 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳101 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳177 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Mppsc prelims cut off 2025

Harvest Festivals
✅Baisakhi marks the start of the solar calendar and the harvest season, celebrated predominantly in Punjab.
Baisakhi usually falls on April 13 or April 14.
✅According to the hindu calendar, this day is observed on the first day of the month of Vaishakh.
✅This day also coincides with several other regional spring festivals across India that celebrate the onset of the harvest season.
✅These include Pana Sankranti in Odisha, Poila/Pohela Baisakh in West Bengal, Rongali Bihu in Assam, Puthandu in Tamil Nadu, Vaishakhi in Bihar, and Vishu or Poooram Vishu in Kerala. 
✅While each festival follows its own unique customs and traditions, they all share a common spirit of gratitude and new beginnings.

#art_and_culture

Day 106: 18 April target:

History
Topics:
Revision of Ancient history
PYQs



Current Affairs: June July August 2024
Revision


#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆Government Initiatives for Elderly Care:
✅Atal Vayo Abhyudaya Yojana (AVYAY): Offers elderly homes, continuous care centers, and Mobile Medicare Units.
✅National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE): Provides dedicated healthcare at primary to tertiary levels.
✅SACRED Portal: Enables re-employment of senior citizens and supports their dignity in work.
✅Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY): Distributes assistive devices to BPL seniors to aid mobility and independence.
✅Social Pension Schemes (NSAP): IGNOAPS provides direct pension support to poor elderly aged 60–79.

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#upsc #prelims #mains #mains2025 #prelims2025 #upsccse #upsc_cse #cse #prelimsmcq #marchcurrentaffairs #marchmagazine #monthlycurrentaffairs #currentaffairs #currentaffairspointer #survey #economicsurvey #survey2024_25 #budget #finance #ssc #cds #capf

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✅ NOBEL PRIZE 2024 | read it here

✅ Economic Survey 2024-25 | read it here

📌❗️Know MORE ❗️
1️⃣ End of ESA's GAIA Space Observatory | read it here

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4️⃣ What is the process to withdraw from the Paris Agreement? | read it here

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#upsc #prelims #mains #mains2025 #prelims2025 #upsccse #upsc_cse #cse #prelimsmcq #marchcurrentaffairs #marchmagazine #monthlycurrentaffairs #currentaffairs #currentaffairspointer #survey #economicsurvey #survey2024_25 #budget #finance #ssc #cds #capf

🔆India’s Energy Goals:
✅Net Zero Target by 2070: India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, requiring massive shifts in energy systems.
✅500 GW from Non-Fossil Sources by 2030: India plans to install 500 GW of non-fossil capacity (solar, wind, nuclear, hydro).
✅Nuclear Energy Expansion: Government aims for 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047 to meet base-load requirements.
✅Green Hydrogen Mission: Focus on using renewable electricity for green hydrogen to decarbonise industries.
✅Electrification of End-Use Sectors: Transition to electric vehicles, heat pumps, and electric furnaces to cut fossil fuel dependency

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UGC NET June 2025 Notification

🔆 Key Takeaways from the article 'A people still waiting to move out of the margins'

📍 Transgender individuals face systemic discrimination
✅ Despite legal protections like the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.

📍 Barriers exist in education, employment, and healthcare
✅ Due to social stigma, economic exclusion, and workplace biases.

📍 Legal recognition remains weak
✅ As of December 2023, only 15,800 identity certificates were issued out of 24,115 applications, highlighting bureaucratic delays.

📍 Financial discrimination hinders economic empowerment
✅ Workplace biases, lack of gender-neutral facilities, and hiring discrimination contribute to a high transgender unemployment rate of 48%.

📍 Hurdles in education and healthcare
✅ The transgender literacy rate in India is only 56.1%, with many dropping out due to bullying and harassment. Healthcare remains inadequate due to financial barriers and lack of trained professionals.

📍 Steps to help mainstream transgender individuals
✅ Inclusive policies in workplaces, targeted financial programs, gender sensitization in schools and workplaces, and positive media representation are essential.

📍 Cultural events like Tamil Nadu’s Koovagam Festival
✅ Play a role in promoting transgender acceptance.

📍 True equality requires
✅ Policy enforcement, anti-discrimination laws, and greater public awareness to dismantle biases.

#society

#Goodmorning

⏳ 38 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳127 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳3 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳2 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳8 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳53 days left ESE Prelims
⏳54 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳61 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳73 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳102 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳178 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 105: 17 April target:

Economy:
Topics -
Revision &
PYQs

Current Affairs: February, March 2024
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

✅Canonical texts - Directly linked to Buddha's life. e.g, Tripitaka.
✅Non - canonical texts - Not linked directly to the Buddha, but commentaries, observations on canonical texts, historical information and other writings in different languages, e.g., Jataka tales.

Canonical texts
✅Tripitaka
✅Sutta pitaka - Buddha's teachings.

(Nikaya - Digha, Majjima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khudaka)

✅Vinaya Pitaka - Rules and regulations for those who joined the sangha or monastic order (Suttavibhaga, Khandhaka, Parivara)
✅Abhidhamma Pitaka - deals with Philosophic matters.

(Dhamma-sangani, Vibhanga, Dhatu-katha, Puggala-pannatti, Katha-vatthu, Yamaka, Patthana)

✅Non - canonical texts
Milinda Panho - A dialouge between Indo-Greek King Milinda and Buddhist Monk Nagasena, in Pali Language.
✅Nettipakarana - Guidance book.
✅Visuddhimagga - The Path to Purity by Buddhaghosa
✅Nidanakatta - First connected life story of Buddha
✅Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa - Discriptions of Buddha's life (historical cum mythological account)
✅Mahavastu - Biography of Buddha (in mixed Sanskrit and Prakrit language)

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🔆 Key Terms from Rig Vedic Period

📍 Assemblies & Officials
✅ Sabha → Assembly performing judicial functions.
✅ Samiti → Folk assembly for tribal decision-making.
✅ Sabhavat → Women attending the assembly.
✅ Madhyamsi → Mediator in disputes.
✅ Sangrahitri → Treasurer.
✅ Bhagadugha → Tax collector.
✅ Akshavapa → Account officer.
✅ Ugra → Police official.
✅ Jivagrabha → Authority responsible for capturing criminals.
✅ Prashnavinak → Judges.

📍 Beliefs & Deities
✅ Avrata → People disobeying god’s ordinances.
✅ Pushan → God of Shudras.

📍 Cattle & Society
✅ Gau (Cow) → Central to Rig Vedic culture, many names with the suffix “Gau” exist in Rig Veda.
✅ Godhuli → Used as a measure of time.
✅ Gavyuti → Unit for measuring distance.
✅ Duhitri → Term for daughter, as she used to milk cows.
✅ Gavisti → Refers to conflicts and battles.
✅ Gavesana → Search for cattle.
✅ Gayat → Term for hostilities.
✅ Gauri & Gavala → Buffalo.
✅ Gomat → Owner of cattle.
✅ Gojit → Winner of cows.

📍 Scholars & Rishis
✅ Hotra/Hotri → Rishis expert in Rigveda.
✅ Udgatri → Expert of Samaveda.
✅ Adhvaryu → Expert in Yajurveda.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

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🔆 Harappan Sites

📍 Harappa
✅ Explored by: Dayaram Sahani in 1921-1923
✅ Location and Facts: On the bank of river Ravi, important finding includes human statute and bullock cart. Stone dancing Natraja and Cemetery-37 have been excavated here.

📍 Mohenjodaro
✅ Explored by: Rakaldas Banerji in 1922
✅ Location and Facts: On the Bank of river Indus, the important findings are great bath and granary. Pashupati Mahadeva (Proto Shiva) seal and fragment of woven cotton have been excavated.

📍 Chanudaro
✅ Explored by: Gopal Majumdar in 1931
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the Bank of river Indus in Sindh, Pakistan. It is the only Indus Site with no Citadel. Bronze figurines of bullock cart and ekkas and a small pot suggesting a kink well have been excavated. The important findings are bead makers shop.

📍 Lothal
✅ Explored by: Ranganath Rao in 1954
✅ Location and Facts: In Gujarat on the Bhogva river, an important finding is, it was the first man-made port. City was divided into Citadel and the lower town and dockyard. Evidence of rice has been found here.

📍 Kalibanga (Black Bangles), Rajasthan
✅ Explored by: BB Lal in 1961
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Ghaggar. Evidence of ploughed field, wooden furrow, seven fire-altars, bones of camel and two types of burials (Circular grave and rectangular grave) have been found.

📍 Dholavira
✅ Explored by: JP Joshi in 1967-68
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Luni of Kachchh district in Gujarat. Evidence of unique water management system, Harappan inscription and stadium has been found here.

📍 Surkotada (Gujarat)
✅ Explored by: JP Joshi in 1972
✅ Location and Facts: Situated between the rivers Sabarmati and the Bhogavo. Evidence of horse, oval grave and pit burial has been found here.

📍 Banawali (Haryana)
✅ Explored by: RS Bisht in 1973
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Saraswati. Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture and barley with good quality has been found here.

#history

#Goodmorning

⏳ 39 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳128 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳4 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳3 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳9 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳54 days left ESE Prelims
⏳55 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳62 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳74 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳103 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳179 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 104: 16 April target:

Economy:
Topics -
Revision &
PYQs

Current Affairs: November, December, January 2024
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆 PM-WANI (Prime Minister WiFi Network Interface)

📍 Launched: 2020
📍 Objective:
✅ To enhance the proliferation of public Wi-Fi hotspots to create robust digital communications infrastructure, especially in rural areas.

📍 PM-WANI Ecosystem: Consists of four parts:
✅ Public Data Office (PDO)
✅ Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA)
✅ App Provider
✅ Central Registry

📍 Roles:
✅ PDO establishes the Wi-Fi Hotspots and provides internet access to users.
✅ PDOA provides authorisation and accounting services to PDOs.
✅ The App Provider displays the available hotspots in the phone’s proximity.
✅ The Central Registry, overseen by the Centre for Development of Telematics, maintains details of App Providers, PDOs, and PDOAs.

📍 How can individuals access the PM-WANI internet?
✅ To access public hotspots under the scheme, one needs to download a relevant App that shows available networks.
✅ The user can then choose from a list of available connections and make a payment to use the network.
✅ The user can access the network till his/her balance is exhausted.


#Government_Schemes

Elephant Reserves

🔆Short Selling

✅Short selling occurs when an investor borrows a security and sells it on the open market, planning to buy it back later for less money.

✅ A short seller essentially does not own the stocks they are selling, and bets on a decline in their price in the future, hence taking on a huge risk

Minamata Convention An international treaty to protect human health and environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and its compounds.

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The Prime Minister proposed nine resolutions anchored in the Navkar Mantra, each a commitment to knowledge, action, harmony, and rooted progress.
✅Saving water, 
✅planting a tree in one’s mother’s name, 
✅promoting cleanliness, 
✅being vocal for local products, 
✅fostering a sense of national pride through ‘Desh Darshan,’ 
✅adopting natural farming practices, 
✅embracing a healthy lifestyle, 
✅encouraging yoga and participation in sports, 
✅and helping the poor.

📍Vishwa Navkar Mahamantra Divas
✅It is an annual event observed on April 9, dedicated to promoting global peace, non-violence, and spiritual harmony through the collective chanting of the Navkar Mantra – the most revered prayer in Jainism. 
✅The mantra venerates the five supreme beings: Arihants, Siddhas, Acharyas, Upadhyayas, and all Sadhus, personifying the core values of Jain philosophy.
The day is observed by mass chanting sessions, both in-person and virtual. 
📍Jainism
✅It is a spiritual path focused on non-violence, truth, self-discipline, and the pursuit of liberation (moksha) through personal effort.
✅The word Jaina is derived from a Sanskrit word jina, meaning the ‘conqueror’, i.e., conqueror of passion and desire. 
✅The last tirthankara, Mahavir is called Jina as he conquered his passion after the attainment of the supreme realisation
✅Jainism later split into two sects: Digambaras (sky-clad) and Swetambaras (white-clad). 
✅Kings like Bimbisara and Ajatsatru adopted Jainism, and Jain art, architecture, and literature flourished under their patronage.


#prelims
#art_and_culture

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Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

✅Why in News: The UN condemned the widespread rape of children in eastern DR Congo, where thousands faced sexual violence in early 2025.

✅It is a country located in Central Africa. It is the second-largest country in Africa by land area 
Kinshasa is the capital city, located on the Congo River, and is one of the largest urban areas in Africa.
✅Bordering countries :  Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.
✅It is endowed with exceptional natural resources, including minerals such as cobalt and copper, hydroelectric potential, significant arable land, immense biodiversity and the world’s second largest rainforest.

Tanzania: 
✅Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) is the largest country in East Africa and includes the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia. 
✅It is bordered by the Indian Ocean and eight countries.  
✅It is bordered by 3 of the largest lakes in Africa i.e., Lake Victoria (world's 2nd largest freshwater lake), Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa.

#Goodmorning

⏳ 40 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳129 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳5 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳4 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳10 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳55 days left ESE Prelims
⏳56 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳63 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳75 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳104 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳180 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 103: 15 April target:

Economy:
Topics -
Revision &
PYQs

Current Affairs: August,september, October2024
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆 March 1929 - Muslim League Session in Delhi
📍 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points
✅ 4 Delhi Proposals & 3 Calcutta amendments proposed for the continuation of separate electorates and Muslim reservations in government services and self-governing bodies:

✅ Future constitution to be federal, with residuary powers vested in provinces.
✅ Uniform autonomy for provinces.
✅ Muslim representation of at least one-third in Central Legislature.
✅ Separate electorates should continue for communities, but should be open to any community.
✅ No territorial distribution affecting Muslims in Punjab, Bengal, NWFP.
✅ Religious liberty guaranteed to all communities.
✅ Muslim representation in central and provincial cabinets.
✅ Sindh to be separated from Bombay.
✅ Reforms to be introduced in NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as other provinces.
✅ Safeguards for Muslim culture, education, language, and personal laws.
✅ Jawaharlal Nehru referred to these as “Jinnah's ridiculous 14 points.”

#history

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Mountain Peaks in India.

Major Tribes in India.

🔆 Delhi Sultanate (Part 3)

📍 Designation & Responsibilities

✅ Tasawuf
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts:
- Sufism or Tasawwuf is the mystical and introspective part of the practice of Islam. Basic attributes include:
- Syncretic Mysticism: Sufism promotes tolerance and acceptance of other religions and points of view.
- Rituals: Visiting grave tombs of sufi saints (ziyarat), preserving these tombs via the waqf board, and seeking blessings by participating in such visits are all part of the sufi credo.
- Contemplating transcendence via different means such as song, dance (whirling dervishes), and music, etc.
- Spiritual over material wealth: Sufi saints from Baba Farid to Bakhtiyar Kaki have all favoured the life of poverty and asceticism over material possessions.

✅ Upari
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Temporary occupant; tenant-at-will.

✅ Wahdat-al-Wujud
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts: "Unity of Existence" or "Unity of Being".

✅ Qalandars
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts:
- Qalandars are wandering ascetic Sufi dervishes who may or may not be connected to a specific tariqat.
- They were mostly in Central Asia, India, and Pakistan; in the latter “qalandar” is also used as a title.

✅ Diwan-i-Insha
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: The department of correspondence and records of the royal court.

✅ Diwan-i-Bandagaan
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: Department of slaves.

✅ Khams
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts: War booty/ spoils of war.

✅ Karaj
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts: Land tax from Hindu land lords.

✅ Gall-i-chungi
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Taxes on grains.
✅ Khizrwat
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Tax on vegetables.

✅ Haq-i-Sharb
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Irrigation tax.

#history

#Goodmorning

⏳ 41 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳130 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳6 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳5 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳11 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳56 days left ESE Prelims
⏳57 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳64 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳76 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳105 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳181 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 102: 14 April target:

Economy:
Topics -
Revision &
PYQs

Current Affairs: June july2024
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆 Beni Putul (Bengal)

✅ Puppet Type:
- Made from red felt and are about 1 to 2 feet tall.
- Have movable arms, legs, and heads, manipulated by the puppeteer using hands.

✅ Instruments:
- Accompanied by Bengali instruments like ektara, dhak, and tabla.

✅ Size and Design:
- Smaller and more delicate than puppets from other traditions.
- Less emphasis on props and costumes.

#art_and_culture

CDS 1 2025 - GS Paper

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🔆Chile

✅India and Chile have initiated discussions on a comprehensive trade agreement that aims to enhance economic cooperation.

✅Located in South America, Chile is a long, narrow country with an average width of 110 miles (~178 km).

✅Borders:
North – Peru
Northeast – Bolivia
East – Argentina
West – Pacific Ocean
Chile also has sovereignty over Easter Island, the Juan Fernández Archipelago, and other Pacific islands.

📍Physical Features
✅The country is mountainous terrain dominated by the Andes Mountains (the most extended mountain range in the world).
✅Atacama desert in the north – the driest non-polar desert in the world.
✅Highest peak: Ojos del Salado (6,893 m), an active stratovolcano in the Atacama region.
✅Prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire.

📍Economic Importance
✅Copper mining: Chile is the largest producer of copper globally. Copper is a key component in electronic devices, renewable energy systems, and electric vehicles.
✅Lithium reserves: Part of the "Lithium Triangle" along with Argentina and Bolivia, a crucial region for battery production.
✅Major rivers: The Loa River, originating from the Andes, is Chile’s longest river.

Today’s paper

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Rivers Flowing Through or Near Indian National Parks

CHATGPT

#Goodmorning

⏳ 42 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳131 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳7 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳All the best CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳6 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳12 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳57 days left ESE Prelims
⏳58 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳65 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳77 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳106 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳182 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 101: 13 April target:

Cover Backlogs
Full length test

Current Affairs:
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

Himachal PCS Notification!
Total seats - 30 (UR-13)
Last Date - 10th May 2025

🔆 Famous Sculpture/Painting: Manjira Player

📍 Monument Era/Dynasty
✅ Surya Mandir, Odisha, Ganga Dynasty

📍 Subject Matter
✅ Manjira player sitting cross-legged on a lotus pedestal.
✅ Wearing a simple garment and is adorned with a few pieces of jewelry.
✅ Holding a pair of manjiras in his hands and is playing them with great skill and dexterity.
✅ Carved from sandstone and is approximately 3 feet tall.
✅ Believed to have been created in the 13th century CE.


#art_and_culture

🔆Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)

✅Origin Name: Special Service Bureau (1963)
✅Renamed: Sashastra Seema Bal (2001)
✅ Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
✅ Motto: "Service, Security, Brotherhood"
Mandate & Role
✅ Border Guarding Force of India
✅ Guards Indo-Nepal border (since 2001)
✅ Guards Indo-Bhutan border (since 2004)
✅ Also handles internal security, counter-insurgency, and civic action in border areas
Historical Background
✅Raised after 1962 Indo-China war to promote morale & resistance among border populations
✅ Initially active in:
🔸 NEFA (now Arunachal Pradesh)
🔸 North Assam, North Bengal, UP Hills,
🔸Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh
✅Expanded Deployment (1965–1991)
✅ States covered: Manipur, Tripura, Jammu, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Mizoram, South Bengal, Nagaland

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🔆 Key Takeaways:

✅ Make in India - Reviving Historical Legacy:
- The Make in India initiative seeks to bring India back to its historical roots as a global leader in trade and commerce.
- Historically, India was a major player in global trade, supported by an advanced transport system, and renowned for its small-scale manufacturing and cottage industries.

✅ India's Golden Age of Trade:
- India was highly prosperous, with a surplus in manufacturing that spread goods across European markets.
- India's global recognition as a Golden Bird in trade attracted European trading companies, marking India's prominence in commerce.

✅ Impact of British Colonialism:
- The arrival of European trading companies led to the decline of India's Cottage Industries and the transformation of agriculture into an export-driven system, providing raw materials for the Colonial Empire.
- The adverse economic effects, coupled with the drainage of Indian wealth and resources, led to the downfall of India's once-thriving economy.

📍 Conclusion:
- The Make in India initiative aims to revive India’s self-sufficiency in trade and commerce, drawing inspiration from its golden age of economic prosperity before colonial exploitation reshaped the economy.

#essay

#Goodmorning

⏳ 43 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳132 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳8 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳Tomorrow CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳10 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳13 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳58 days left ESE Prelims
⏳59 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳66 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳78 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳107 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳184 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 100: 12 April target:

International organization and government schemes:
Topics-
Schemes, programs,policies in news

Sources:Any coaching magazine





Current Affairs:
Related

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

IPS-2023 Cadre Allocation

🔆 River Names

📍 Ancient Names & Modern Names
✅ Kubhu → Kuram
✅ Kubha → Kabul
✅ Vitastata → Jhelum
✅ Askini → Chenab
✅ Purushni → Ravi
✅ Shatudri → Satluj
✅ Vipasha → Beas
✅ Sadanira → Gandak
✅ Drishdvati → Ghaghara
✅ Gomti → Gomal
✅ Suwastu → Swat
✅ Sindhu → Indus/Sindhu
✅ Sarsuti / Drishtwarti → Ghaghar / Saraswati Rakshi/Chittag
✅ Sushoma → Sohan
✅ Marudvridha → Maruvarman

#history

🔆POSHAN Scheme

📍Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman Scheme:

✅It was earlier known as the National Programme of Mid-Day Meal in schools.
✅In September 2021, Mid-Day Meal Scheme was renamed as Pradhan Mantri POSHAN Scheme.

✅It is a centrally sponsored scheme under which one hot cooked meal is served to students studying in Balvatika and classes I to VIII, in Government and Government-aided schools on all school-days.

✅The Scheme aims at providing nutritional support and enhancing school participation of students.

✅Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Education

#gs3
#prelims
#economy
#goverment_scheme

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List of important GS 2 - International Relations Topics for all upcoming state PSC exams & UPSC mains exam

Regional Relations:
👉India-Pakistan Relations
👉India-China Relations
👉India-Sri Lanka Relations
👉India-Sri Lanka Fishermen Issue
👉India-Bangladesh Relations
👉India-Myanmar Relations
👉India-Afghanistan (including the Taliban situation)
👉India-Nepal
👉India-Maldives

Bilateral Relations (Beyond Immediate Region):
👉India-United States (including impact of Donald Trump's policies)
👉India-Australia Relations
👉India-New Zealand Relations
👉India-United Arab Emirates (UAE) Relations
👉India-UAE Aviation Relations
👉India-Qatar Relations
👉India-Mauritius Relations

Multilateral/Global Issues:
👉Indo-Pacific
👉Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
👉Israel-Palestine Conflict
👉Two-State Solution
👉Ukraine War (potential solutions)
👉Trade Diplomacy with Europe
👉Global South and South-North Relations (India's bridging role)
👉South-South Climate Cooperation (India's role)
👉U.S. Withdrawal from the World Health Organization (WHO) - Causes and Effects

Specific Issues/Concerns:
👉China's Dam Construction and Threats to India
👉Sports Consensus between India and Pakistan

🔆 Vedic vs Later Vedic Period

📍 Sources
✅ Vedic (1500BC – 1000BC): Rig Veda
✅ Later Vedic (1000BC – 600BC): All the other Vedas. Towards the end, Upanishads were compiled. They criticized rituals and emphasized philosophy.

📍 Location
✅ Vedic: The northern and western parts of the Subcontinent. Sapt-Sindhu Region. They didn’t know land beyond Yamuna.
✅ Later Vedic: Aryans thoroughly subdued the fertile plains watered by Yamuna, Ganges and Sadanira. They crossed the Vindhyas and settled in the Deccan, to the north of Godavari.

📍 Polity
✅ Vedic: No concept of territory.
- Only Tribes (Jana) – Total members not larger than 100.
- Kings (Rajan) were advised by assemblies like Sabha & Samiti.
- Had no standing armies.
- Wars known as Gavati are fought for cattle and not for territory.
- Chiefs received voluntary offerings called Bali (remember it's not sacrifices).
✅ Later Vedic: Extended to the whole of western UP, Ganga-Yamuna doab and also penetrated to the Deccan, Vindhyas & South India.

📍 Economy
✅ Vedic: Concept of territory and territorial administration appear.
- Janapada-State, Rashtra – Territory.
- Royal power increases many folds.
- Rituals and sacrifices were performed to strengthen the king’s position – Rajasuya (consecration ceremony), Vajpeya (chariot race) and Asvamedha (horse sacrifice).
- Character of Sabha & Samiti changed. They were dominated by chiefs and rich nobles.
- Women were no longer permitted.
- Even in the Later Vedic times, king didn’t possess a standing army (as per NCERT).
- Wars were fought not only for cattle but territory.
- Bali which was a voluntary gift became a mandatory tax.
✅ Later Vedic: Settled life. Agriculture and crafts.

📍 Agriculture
✅ Vedic: Mostly barley.
✅ Later Vedic: Barley continued but rice and wheat became chief crops.

📍 Family and Women
✅ Vedic:
- Family – Kula. Household – Griha.
- Joint-family.
- Patriarchal society with indications of polyandry.
- Women could attend assemblies, they could offer sacrifices along with their husbands.
- Widow remarriage was allowed.
- No instances of child marriage and the marriageable age seems to be quite high.
✅ Later Vedic:
- Position of the father increased and women were given lower position.
- Position of women became deplorable.
- They couldn’t attend assemblies.
- Child marriages also came into vogue.
- Institution of gotra appears later Vedic period.
- Marriage within the gotra was not permitted.

📍 Social Divisions
✅ Vedic: Society was largely egalitarian.
- Varna was the term for color.
- The indigenous people conquered by Aryans were called Dasas and Dasyus.
- Differentiation based on occupation existed.
✅ Later Vedic: Society divided into 4 varnas.
- The growing cult of sacrifices added to the power of the Brahmanas.
- 4 Ashramas – Brahmachari, Grihasth, Vanaprasth, Sanyasi.

📍 Religion
✅ Vedic:
- Nature gods.
- Indra – mentioned in most number of passages.
- Agni – 2nd highest mentions.
- Soma – sacred drink.
- Sacrifices less important.
- Mostly Prayers.
✅ Later Vedic:
- Nature gods are replaced by Prajapati, Rudra & Vishnu.
- Idolatry appears.
- Pushan regarded as the god of Shudras.
- Sacrifices became more important than prayers.
#history

#Goodmorning

⏳ 44 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳133 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳9 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳3 DAYS CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳10 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳14 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳59 days left ESE Prelims
⏳60 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳67 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳79 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳108 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳185 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 99: 11 April target:

International organization and government schemes:
Topics-
Governmental and non-governmental organizations in news

Sources:Any coaching magazine





Current Affairs:
Related

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After completion of target post 'DONE'
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🔆 Famous Sculpture/Painting: Statue of Gommateshwara

📍 Monument Era/Dynasty
✅ Shravanbelagola, Karnataka, Ganga Dynasty

📍 Subject Matter
✅ Monolithic statue located atop Vindhyagiri Hill in Shravanbelagola, Karnataka, India.
✅ One of the tallest monolith statues of Granite in the world, standing at a height of 57 feet (17 m).
✅ Gommateshwara, a legendary Jain figure who is believed to have attained moksha (spiritual liberation) after performing penance for 12 years.
✅ Commissioned by Chamundaraya, a commander in the Ganga dynasty, and was constructed around 983 CE.
✅ The statue’s posture, known as kayotsarga, represents a state of deep meditation and detachment from the material world.
✅ Every 12 years, a Mahamastakabhisheka ceremony is held at the statue, during which the statue is bathed in milk, ghee, and other sacred substances.


#art_and_culture

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🔆Thilawa Port

📍In news?

✅India delivered 442 metric tonnes of food aid to Myanmar, including rice, cooking oil, noodles, and biscuits, through the Thilawa Port, as part of "Operation Brahma" after a 7.7-magnitude earthquake struck Myanmar on March 28th.

✅Thilawa Port is the largest port terminal in Myanmar and, alongside the Port of Yangon, is one of the two main ports of Yangon

📍Yangon river :

✅The Yangon River, also known as the Rangoon River, is a marine estuary in southern Myanmar formed by the confluence of the Pegu and Myitmaka rivers, emptying into the Gulf of Martaban of the Andaman Sea, and is navigable by ocean-going vessels

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Day 98: 9 April target:

Polity:
Topics -
Constitutional and Non-constitutional Bodies
Misc.

PYQs


Current Affairs: October, November 2024
Polity only


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Buddhism and Jainism Key Terms

🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism

✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.

📍Other Key Terms

✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.

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🔆All India Kisan Sabha

✅All India Kisan Sabha was established on 11 April 1936
in Lucknow. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati became its first president and NG Ranga of Andhra Pradesh became its general secretary
✅Its first session was attended by leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, Sohan Singh Josh and Indulal Yagnik.
✅ Along with the second session of the All India Kisan Sabha, which was presided over by NG Ranga.

🔆Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

✅A specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security.

✅Founded : In 1945 in Quebec City, Canada (HQ - Rome, Italy)
✅India – Joined in 1945 as founding member

✅Global Coverage : With 195 members - 194 countries and the European Union, FAO works in over 130 countries world wide.

Global Reports and Publications

✅ The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI)
✅ The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security
✅ Global Report on Food Crises

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🔆 Famous Sculpture/Painting: Shiva Chasing Boar/Boar Hunt

📍 Monument Era/Dynasty
✅ Lepakshi Temple, Vijayanagara Period

📍 Subject Matter
✅ A significant and captivating mural at the Lepakshi Temple in Andhra Pradesh, India.
✅ The mural's background is filled with vibrant colors and intricate details, adding depth and dimension to the scene.
✅ Celestial beings are depicted watching from above, emphasizing the cosmic significance of the conflict.
✅ The lush greenery of the forest, rendered in vivid hues, contrasts with the intensity of the chase.

🔆Narasapur Crochet Lace Craft

✅ Region: The craft is geographically limited to 19 mandals in West Godavari in the Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh.
✅ Background: The women of the farming community of this region started creating highly attractive artefacts from colourful lace, about 150 years ago.
✅ In 2004, the first of its kind lace park in India was established here where thousands of crochet lace makers can market their products.
✅ Artwork: The lace work is done using thin threads and these are again woven with thin crochet needles of varying sizes.
✅ The products are available in vibrant colors like orange, green, blue, whitered, and beige.
✅ The crochet lace products are also exported to countries like the UK, USA, France, etc.

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