🔆Giant viruses

✅For the first time in Finland, researchers have isolated a giant virus — 200 nanometres in diameter, about twice the size of influenza or coronavirus —  which was named Jyvaskylavirus. The discovery shows that giant viruses are more common in northern regions than researchers have thought.
✅ It also illustrates that there are still many structures whose origins and functions have not been properly studied.
In recent years, giant viruses have been discovered that can be as large as bacteria.
✅ These viruses infect amoebas and other microscopic organisms. Most of the giant viruses identified so far have been found in Europe and South America, and their life cycles and distribution are poorly understood.

GPSC CLASS 1-2 PRELIM PAPER 2025

🔆Celebrating a Decade of Soil Health Cards: Swasth Dharaa, Khet Haraa

✅Soil Health Card Scheme was introduced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 19th February, 2015 at Suratgarh, Rajasthan. The scheme was launched to assist State Governments to issue soil health cards to all farmers in the country.
✅Soil health card provides information to farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendation on appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving soil health and its fertility.
✅The Soil Health Card Portal (soilhealth.dac.gov.in) facilitates generation of Soil Health Cards for the benefit of farmers in uniform and standardized format across country in all major languages and 5 dialects

📍Key Objectives & Technological Advancements:

✅Capacity building of district and state level staff for promotion of nutrient management practices
✅Strengthen the functioning of soil testing laboratories and associated Infrastructure
✅To promote soil test based nutrient management across the country

📍Expanding Soil Health Initiatives:

✅Village-Level Soil Testing Labs (VLSTLS) were introduced in 2023 to encourage individual entrepreneurs to set up soil testing units
✅ The School Soil Health Programme, launched in collaboration with Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, ICAR, and Department of School Education & Literacy, educates students on soil conservation

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#Goodmorning

⏳ 35 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳124 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳ All the best GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳5 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳50 days left ESE Prelims
⏳51 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳58 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳70 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳99 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳175 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 108: 20 April target:

History
Topics:
Revision of Modern history
PYQs




Current Affairs: December 2024,January 2025
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

Transponder

🔆 Ayushman Vay Vandana Yojana

📍 Launched: September 2018, by PM in Ranchi, Jharkhand

📍 Structural Mandate
✅ Nodal Agency: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
✅ Administered under PM-JAY for structured implementation of India's health insurance network
✅ Implemented in empaneled hospitals across urban and rural areas
✅ Centralized digital system for tracking treatments and expenses for accountability

📍 Aims and Objectives
✅ Universal healthcare for senior citizens
✅ Reduces financial burden by cutting out-of-pocket expenses
✅ Encourages preventive care for age-related conditions

📍 Targeted Beneficiaries
✅ Senior citizens aged 70 and above

📍 Funding Mechanism
✅ Funded under Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY
✅ Free treatment for ~2,000 medical procedures
✅ Additional ₹5 lakh per year for those already covered under AB PM-JAY

📍 Features
✅ Covers medical consultations, treatments, hospitalization expenses, and complex procedures like angioplasty
✅ Implemented in empaneled hospitals across India
✅ Ensures transparency and accountability via digital tracking

#Government_Schemes

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#Goodmorning

⏳ 36 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳125 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳ Tomorrow GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳ All the best Opsc mains 19th April
⏳6 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳51 days left ESE Prelims
⏳52 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳59 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳71 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳100 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳176 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

🔆 Organizations Before INC

📍 Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha (1836)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

📍 Zamindari Association (1837)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Dwarkanath Tagore

📍 British India Society (1839)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: William Adam

📍 The Bengal British India Society (1843)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 British India Association (1851)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 Madras Native Association (1852)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founder: Gazalu Chetty

📍 Bombay Association (1852)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founder: Jagannath Shankar Seth

📍 East India Association (1866)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Dadabhai Naoroji

📍 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870)
✅ Location: Bombay (Poona)
✅ Founders: M. G. Ranade, Ganesh Vasudev Joshi, S. H. Chipalunkar

📍 National Indian Association (1870)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Mary Carpenter

📍 Indian Society (1872)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Anand Mohan Bose

📍 Indian League (1875)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Sisir Kumar Ghosh

📍 The Indian Association of Calcutta (1876)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: S. N. Banerjea, Anand Mohan Bose

📍 The Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founders: M. Veeraraghavachari, G. Subramania Aiyer, P. Anand Charlu

📍 Bombay Presidency Association (1885)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founders: K. T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta


#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

Day 107: 19 April target:

History
Topics:
Revision of medieval history
PYQs




Current Affairs: September, October, November,2024
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆India’s Energy Goals:
✅Net Zero Target by 2070: India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, requiring massive shifts in energy systems.
✅500 GW from Non-Fossil Sources by 2030: India plans to install 500 GW of non-fossil capacity (solar, wind, nuclear, hydro).
✅Nuclear Energy Expansion: Government aims for 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047 to meet base-load requirements.
✅Green Hydrogen Mission: Focus on using renewable electricity for green hydrogen to decarbonise industries.
✅Electrification of End-Use Sectors: Transition to electric vehicles, heat pumps, and electric furnaces to cut fossil fuel dependency

🔆Government Initiatives for Elderly Care:
✅Atal Vayo Abhyudaya Yojana (AVYAY): Offers elderly homes, continuous care centers, and Mobile Medicare Units.
✅National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE): Provides dedicated healthcare at primary to tertiary levels.
✅SACRED Portal: Enables re-employment of senior citizens and supports their dignity in work.
✅Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY): Distributes assistive devices to BPL seniors to aid mobility and independence.
✅Social Pension Schemes (NSAP): IGNOAPS provides direct pension support to poor elderly aged 60–79.

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🔆 Global Events


📍 Namibia
✅ Facing its worst drought in a century, worsened by El Niño.
✅ Located in Southwest Africa, bordering Angola, Zambia, South Africa, and Botswana.

📍 Sudan
✅ Ongoing war continues to devastate the country.
✅ Located in Northeast Africa, bordering Egypt, Chad, Central African Republic, Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and South Sudan.

📍 Brunei
✅ India’s first bilateral visit to Brunei Darussalam.
✅ A small Southeast Asian nation on Borneo Island, bordered by Malaysia’s Sarawak state and the South China Sea.
✅ Part of the Commonwealth & ASEAN.

📍 Vietnam
✅ Typhoon Yagi has killed 143 people in northern Vietnam.
✅ Located in Southeast Asia, sharing borders with China, Laos, Cambodia, and maritime borders in the South China Sea.

📍 Mexico
✅ Reformed its judicial system, becoming the first country to elect judges at all levels.
✅ Located in North America, bordering U.S., Guatemala, Belize, and has coastlines along the Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.

📍 Gulf of Mexico
✅ Hurricane Francine disrupted 42% of crude oil and 53% of natural gas production in the U.S.
✅ Large ocean basin, bordered by U.S., Mexico, and Cuba, draining the Mississippi and Rio Grande rivers.

📍 Amazon River
✅ Experiencing unprecedented drought, with historic low water levels.
✅ Originates in the Peruvian Andes, the largest river by water volume, draining into the Atlantic Ocean.

#Places_in_news

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GST Rates 2025 ✅

Morag Axis

✅It cuts across Gaza between the southern cities of Rafah and Khan Yunis. 
✅This move effectively links the Philadelphi Route along the Egyptian border to Morag, creating a wider Israeli-controlled “security zone.”
✅The Morag corridor joins other key zones under Israeli control, including the Philadelphi and Netzarim corridors. 
✅The Philadelphi Corridor refers to a narrow strip of land along Gaza’s border with Egypt that has been under Israeli control since 2024.
✅Together with expanded buffer zones, these give Israel control of over 50% of Gaza’s territory

#prelims
#Places_in_news

Join @Mapping_prelims_mains

#Goodmorning

⏳ 37 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳126 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳2 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳ Tomorrow Opsc mains 19th April
⏳7 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳52 days left ESE Prelims
⏳53 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳60 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳72 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳101 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳177 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Mppsc prelims cut off 2025

Harvest Festivals
✅Baisakhi marks the start of the solar calendar and the harvest season, celebrated predominantly in Punjab.
Baisakhi usually falls on April 13 or April 14.
✅According to the hindu calendar, this day is observed on the first day of the month of Vaishakh.
✅This day also coincides with several other regional spring festivals across India that celebrate the onset of the harvest season.
✅These include Pana Sankranti in Odisha, Poila/Pohela Baisakh in West Bengal, Rongali Bihu in Assam, Puthandu in Tamil Nadu, Vaishakhi in Bihar, and Vishu or Poooram Vishu in Kerala. 
✅While each festival follows its own unique customs and traditions, they all share a common spirit of gratitude and new beginnings.

#art_and_culture

Day 106: 18 April target:

History
Topics:
Revision of Ancient history
PYQs



Current Affairs: June July August 2024
Revision


#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆Government Initiatives for Elderly Care:
✅Atal Vayo Abhyudaya Yojana (AVYAY): Offers elderly homes, continuous care centers, and Mobile Medicare Units.
✅National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE): Provides dedicated healthcare at primary to tertiary levels.
✅SACRED Portal: Enables re-employment of senior citizens and supports their dignity in work.
✅Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY): Distributes assistive devices to BPL seniors to aid mobility and independence.
✅Social Pension Schemes (NSAP): IGNOAPS provides direct pension support to poor elderly aged 60–79.

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#upsc #prelims #mains #mains2025 #prelims2025 #upsccse #upsc_cse #cse #prelimsmcq #marchcurrentaffairs #marchmagazine #monthlycurrentaffairs #currentaffairs #currentaffairspointer #survey #economicsurvey #survey2024_25 #budget #finance #ssc #cds #capf

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✅ Quotes for Essay | read it here

✅ NOBEL PRIZE 2024 | read it here

✅ Economic Survey 2024-25 | read it here

📌❗️Know MORE ❗️
1️⃣ End of ESA's GAIA Space Observatory | read it here

2️⃣ 5 Eyes Alliance: World's Oldest Intelligence Network| read it here

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4️⃣ What is the process to withdraw from the Paris Agreement? | read it here

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#upsc #prelims #mains #mains2025 #prelims2025 #upsccse #upsc_cse #cse #prelimsmcq #marchcurrentaffairs #marchmagazine #monthlycurrentaffairs #currentaffairs #currentaffairspointer #survey #economicsurvey #survey2024_25 #budget #finance #ssc #cds #capf

🔆India’s Energy Goals:
✅Net Zero Target by 2070: India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, requiring massive shifts in energy systems.
✅500 GW from Non-Fossil Sources by 2030: India plans to install 500 GW of non-fossil capacity (solar, wind, nuclear, hydro).
✅Nuclear Energy Expansion: Government aims for 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047 to meet base-load requirements.
✅Green Hydrogen Mission: Focus on using renewable electricity for green hydrogen to decarbonise industries.
✅Electrification of End-Use Sectors: Transition to electric vehicles, heat pumps, and electric furnaces to cut fossil fuel dependency

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UGC NET June 2025 Notification

🔆 Key Takeaways from the article 'A people still waiting to move out of the margins'

📍 Transgender individuals face systemic discrimination
✅ Despite legal protections like the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.

📍 Barriers exist in education, employment, and healthcare
✅ Due to social stigma, economic exclusion, and workplace biases.

📍 Legal recognition remains weak
✅ As of December 2023, only 15,800 identity certificates were issued out of 24,115 applications, highlighting bureaucratic delays.

📍 Financial discrimination hinders economic empowerment
✅ Workplace biases, lack of gender-neutral facilities, and hiring discrimination contribute to a high transgender unemployment rate of 48%.

📍 Hurdles in education and healthcare
✅ The transgender literacy rate in India is only 56.1%, with many dropping out due to bullying and harassment. Healthcare remains inadequate due to financial barriers and lack of trained professionals.

📍 Steps to help mainstream transgender individuals
✅ Inclusive policies in workplaces, targeted financial programs, gender sensitization in schools and workplaces, and positive media representation are essential.

📍 Cultural events like Tamil Nadu’s Koovagam Festival
✅ Play a role in promoting transgender acceptance.

📍 True equality requires
✅ Policy enforcement, anti-discrimination laws, and greater public awareness to dismantle biases.

#society

#Goodmorning

⏳ 38 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳127 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳3 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳2 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳8 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳53 days left ESE Prelims
⏳54 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳61 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳73 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳102 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳178 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 105: 17 April target:

Economy:
Topics -
Revision &
PYQs

Current Affairs: February, March 2024
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

✅Canonical texts - Directly linked to Buddha's life. e.g, Tripitaka.
✅Non - canonical texts - Not linked directly to the Buddha, but commentaries, observations on canonical texts, historical information and other writings in different languages, e.g., Jataka tales.

Canonical texts
✅Tripitaka
✅Sutta pitaka - Buddha's teachings.

(Nikaya - Digha, Majjima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khudaka)

✅Vinaya Pitaka - Rules and regulations for those who joined the sangha or monastic order (Suttavibhaga, Khandhaka, Parivara)
✅Abhidhamma Pitaka - deals with Philosophic matters.

(Dhamma-sangani, Vibhanga, Dhatu-katha, Puggala-pannatti, Katha-vatthu, Yamaka, Patthana)

✅Non - canonical texts
Milinda Panho - A dialouge between Indo-Greek King Milinda and Buddhist Monk Nagasena, in Pali Language.
✅Nettipakarana - Guidance book.
✅Visuddhimagga - The Path to Purity by Buddhaghosa
✅Nidanakatta - First connected life story of Buddha
✅Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa - Discriptions of Buddha's life (historical cum mythological account)
✅Mahavastu - Biography of Buddha (in mixed Sanskrit and Prakrit language)

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🔆 Key Terms from Rig Vedic Period

📍 Assemblies & Officials
✅ Sabha → Assembly performing judicial functions.
✅ Samiti → Folk assembly for tribal decision-making.
✅ Sabhavat → Women attending the assembly.
✅ Madhyamsi → Mediator in disputes.
✅ Sangrahitri → Treasurer.
✅ Bhagadugha → Tax collector.
✅ Akshavapa → Account officer.
✅ Ugra → Police official.
✅ Jivagrabha → Authority responsible for capturing criminals.
✅ Prashnavinak → Judges.

📍 Beliefs & Deities
✅ Avrata → People disobeying god’s ordinances.
✅ Pushan → God of Shudras.

📍 Cattle & Society
✅ Gau (Cow) → Central to Rig Vedic culture, many names with the suffix “Gau” exist in Rig Veda.
✅ Godhuli → Used as a measure of time.
✅ Gavyuti → Unit for measuring distance.
✅ Duhitri → Term for daughter, as she used to milk cows.
✅ Gavisti → Refers to conflicts and battles.
✅ Gavesana → Search for cattle.
✅ Gayat → Term for hostilities.
✅ Gauri & Gavala → Buffalo.
✅ Gomat → Owner of cattle.
✅ Gojit → Winner of cows.

📍 Scholars & Rishis
✅ Hotra/Hotri → Rishis expert in Rigveda.
✅ Udgatri → Expert of Samaveda.
✅ Adhvaryu → Expert in Yajurveda.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

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🔆 Harappan Sites

📍 Harappa
✅ Explored by: Dayaram Sahani in 1921-1923
✅ Location and Facts: On the bank of river Ravi, important finding includes human statute and bullock cart. Stone dancing Natraja and Cemetery-37 have been excavated here.

📍 Mohenjodaro
✅ Explored by: Rakaldas Banerji in 1922
✅ Location and Facts: On the Bank of river Indus, the important findings are great bath and granary. Pashupati Mahadeva (Proto Shiva) seal and fragment of woven cotton have been excavated.

📍 Chanudaro
✅ Explored by: Gopal Majumdar in 1931
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the Bank of river Indus in Sindh, Pakistan. It is the only Indus Site with no Citadel. Bronze figurines of bullock cart and ekkas and a small pot suggesting a kink well have been excavated. The important findings are bead makers shop.

📍 Lothal
✅ Explored by: Ranganath Rao in 1954
✅ Location and Facts: In Gujarat on the Bhogva river, an important finding is, it was the first man-made port. City was divided into Citadel and the lower town and dockyard. Evidence of rice has been found here.

📍 Kalibanga (Black Bangles), Rajasthan
✅ Explored by: BB Lal in 1961
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Ghaggar. Evidence of ploughed field, wooden furrow, seven fire-altars, bones of camel and two types of burials (Circular grave and rectangular grave) have been found.

📍 Dholavira
✅ Explored by: JP Joshi in 1967-68
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Luni of Kachchh district in Gujarat. Evidence of unique water management system, Harappan inscription and stadium has been found here.

📍 Surkotada (Gujarat)
✅ Explored by: JP Joshi in 1972
✅ Location and Facts: Situated between the rivers Sabarmati and the Bhogavo. Evidence of horse, oval grave and pit burial has been found here.

📍 Banawali (Haryana)
✅ Explored by: RS Bisht in 1973
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Saraswati. Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture and barley with good quality has been found here.

#history

#Goodmorning

⏳ 39 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳128 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳4 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳3 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳9 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳54 days left ESE Prelims
⏳55 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳62 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳74 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳103 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳179 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 104: 16 April target:

Economy:
Topics -
Revision &
PYQs

Current Affairs: November, December, January 2024
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆 PM-WANI (Prime Minister WiFi Network Interface)

📍 Launched: 2020
📍 Objective:
✅ To enhance the proliferation of public Wi-Fi hotspots to create robust digital communications infrastructure, especially in rural areas.

📍 PM-WANI Ecosystem: Consists of four parts:
✅ Public Data Office (PDO)
✅ Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA)
✅ App Provider
✅ Central Registry

📍 Roles:
✅ PDO establishes the Wi-Fi Hotspots and provides internet access to users.
✅ PDOA provides authorisation and accounting services to PDOs.
✅ The App Provider displays the available hotspots in the phone’s proximity.
✅ The Central Registry, overseen by the Centre for Development of Telematics, maintains details of App Providers, PDOs, and PDOAs.

📍 How can individuals access the PM-WANI internet?
✅ To access public hotspots under the scheme, one needs to download a relevant App that shows available networks.
✅ The user can then choose from a list of available connections and make a payment to use the network.
✅ The user can access the network till his/her balance is exhausted.


#Government_Schemes

Elephant Reserves

🔆Short Selling

✅Short selling occurs when an investor borrows a security and sells it on the open market, planning to buy it back later for less money.

✅ A short seller essentially does not own the stocks they are selling, and bets on a decline in their price in the future, hence taking on a huge risk

Minamata Convention An international treaty to protect human health and environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and its compounds.

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The Prime Minister proposed nine resolutions anchored in the Navkar Mantra, each a commitment to knowledge, action, harmony, and rooted progress.
✅Saving water, 
✅planting a tree in one’s mother’s name, 
✅promoting cleanliness, 
✅being vocal for local products, 
✅fostering a sense of national pride through ‘Desh Darshan,’ 
✅adopting natural farming practices, 
✅embracing a healthy lifestyle, 
✅encouraging yoga and participation in sports, 
✅and helping the poor.

📍Vishwa Navkar Mahamantra Divas
✅It is an annual event observed on April 9, dedicated to promoting global peace, non-violence, and spiritual harmony through the collective chanting of the Navkar Mantra – the most revered prayer in Jainism. 
✅The mantra venerates the five supreme beings: Arihants, Siddhas, Acharyas, Upadhyayas, and all Sadhus, personifying the core values of Jain philosophy.
The day is observed by mass chanting sessions, both in-person and virtual. 
📍Jainism
✅It is a spiritual path focused on non-violence, truth, self-discipline, and the pursuit of liberation (moksha) through personal effort.
✅The word Jaina is derived from a Sanskrit word jina, meaning the ‘conqueror’, i.e., conqueror of passion and desire. 
✅The last tirthankara, Mahavir is called Jina as he conquered his passion after the attainment of the supreme realisation
✅Jainism later split into two sects: Digambaras (sky-clad) and Swetambaras (white-clad). 
✅Kings like Bimbisara and Ajatsatru adopted Jainism, and Jain art, architecture, and literature flourished under their patronage.


#prelims
#art_and_culture

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Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

✅Why in News: The UN condemned the widespread rape of children in eastern DR Congo, where thousands faced sexual violence in early 2025.

✅It is a country located in Central Africa. It is the second-largest country in Africa by land area 
Kinshasa is the capital city, located on the Congo River, and is one of the largest urban areas in Africa.
✅Bordering countries :  Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.
✅It is endowed with exceptional natural resources, including minerals such as cobalt and copper, hydroelectric potential, significant arable land, immense biodiversity and the world’s second largest rainforest.

Tanzania: 
✅Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) is the largest country in East Africa and includes the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia. 
✅It is bordered by the Indian Ocean and eight countries.  
✅It is bordered by 3 of the largest lakes in Africa i.e., Lake Victoria (world's 2nd largest freshwater lake), Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa.

#Goodmorning

⏳ 40 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳129 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳5 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳4 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳10 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳55 days left ESE Prelims
⏳56 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳63 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳75 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳104 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳180 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 103: 15 April target:

Economy:
Topics -
Revision &
PYQs

Current Affairs: August,september, October2024
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆 March 1929 - Muslim League Session in Delhi
📍 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points
✅ 4 Delhi Proposals & 3 Calcutta amendments proposed for the continuation of separate electorates and Muslim reservations in government services and self-governing bodies:

✅ Future constitution to be federal, with residuary powers vested in provinces.
✅ Uniform autonomy for provinces.
✅ Muslim representation of at least one-third in Central Legislature.
✅ Separate electorates should continue for communities, but should be open to any community.
✅ No territorial distribution affecting Muslims in Punjab, Bengal, NWFP.
✅ Religious liberty guaranteed to all communities.
✅ Muslim representation in central and provincial cabinets.
✅ Sindh to be separated from Bombay.
✅ Reforms to be introduced in NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as other provinces.
✅ Safeguards for Muslim culture, education, language, and personal laws.
✅ Jawaharlal Nehru referred to these as “Jinnah's ridiculous 14 points.”

#history

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Mountain Peaks in India.

Major Tribes in India.

🔆 Delhi Sultanate (Part 3)

📍 Designation & Responsibilities

✅ Tasawuf
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts:
- Sufism or Tasawwuf is the mystical and introspective part of the practice of Islam. Basic attributes include:
- Syncretic Mysticism: Sufism promotes tolerance and acceptance of other religions and points of view.
- Rituals: Visiting grave tombs of sufi saints (ziyarat), preserving these tombs via the waqf board, and seeking blessings by participating in such visits are all part of the sufi credo.
- Contemplating transcendence via different means such as song, dance (whirling dervishes), and music, etc.
- Spiritual over material wealth: Sufi saints from Baba Farid to Bakhtiyar Kaki have all favoured the life of poverty and asceticism over material possessions.

✅ Upari
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Temporary occupant; tenant-at-will.

✅ Wahdat-al-Wujud
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts: "Unity of Existence" or "Unity of Being".

✅ Qalandars
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts:
- Qalandars are wandering ascetic Sufi dervishes who may or may not be connected to a specific tariqat.
- They were mostly in Central Asia, India, and Pakistan; in the latter “qalandar” is also used as a title.

✅ Diwan-i-Insha
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: The department of correspondence and records of the royal court.

✅ Diwan-i-Bandagaan
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: Department of slaves.

✅ Khams
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts: War booty/ spoils of war.

✅ Karaj
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts: Land tax from Hindu land lords.

✅ Gall-i-chungi
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Taxes on grains.
✅ Khizrwat
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Tax on vegetables.

✅ Haq-i-Sharb
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Irrigation tax.

#history

#Goodmorning

⏳ 41 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳130 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳6 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳5 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳11 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳56 days left ESE Prelims
⏳57 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳64 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳76 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳105 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳181 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 102: 14 April target:

Economy:
Topics -
Revision &
PYQs

Current Affairs: June july2024
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆 Beni Putul (Bengal)

✅ Puppet Type:
- Made from red felt and are about 1 to 2 feet tall.
- Have movable arms, legs, and heads, manipulated by the puppeteer using hands.

✅ Instruments:
- Accompanied by Bengali instruments like ektara, dhak, and tabla.

✅ Size and Design:
- Smaller and more delicate than puppets from other traditions.
- Less emphasis on props and costumes.

#art_and_culture

CDS 1 2025 - GS Paper

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🔆Chile

✅India and Chile have initiated discussions on a comprehensive trade agreement that aims to enhance economic cooperation.

✅Located in South America, Chile is a long, narrow country with an average width of 110 miles (~178 km).

✅Borders:
North – Peru
Northeast – Bolivia
East – Argentina
West – Pacific Ocean
Chile also has sovereignty over Easter Island, the Juan Fernández Archipelago, and other Pacific islands.

📍Physical Features
✅The country is mountainous terrain dominated by the Andes Mountains (the most extended mountain range in the world).
✅Atacama desert in the north – the driest non-polar desert in the world.
✅Highest peak: Ojos del Salado (6,893 m), an active stratovolcano in the Atacama region.
✅Prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire.

📍Economic Importance
✅Copper mining: Chile is the largest producer of copper globally. Copper is a key component in electronic devices, renewable energy systems, and electric vehicles.
✅Lithium reserves: Part of the "Lithium Triangle" along with Argentina and Bolivia, a crucial region for battery production.
✅Major rivers: The Loa River, originating from the Andes, is Chile’s longest river.

Today’s paper

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Rivers Flowing Through or Near Indian National Parks

CHATGPT

#Goodmorning

⏳ 42 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳131 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳7 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳All the best CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳6 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳12 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳57 days left ESE Prelims
⏳58 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳65 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳77 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳106 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳182 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 101: 13 April target:

Cover Backlogs
Full length test

Current Affairs:
Revision

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

Himachal PCS Notification!
Total seats - 30 (UR-13)
Last Date - 10th May 2025

🔆 Famous Sculpture/Painting: Manjira Player

📍 Monument Era/Dynasty
✅ Surya Mandir, Odisha, Ganga Dynasty

📍 Subject Matter
✅ Manjira player sitting cross-legged on a lotus pedestal.
✅ Wearing a simple garment and is adorned with a few pieces of jewelry.
✅ Holding a pair of manjiras in his hands and is playing them with great skill and dexterity.
✅ Carved from sandstone and is approximately 3 feet tall.
✅ Believed to have been created in the 13th century CE.


#art_and_culture

🔆Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)

✅Origin Name: Special Service Bureau (1963)
✅Renamed: Sashastra Seema Bal (2001)
✅ Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
✅ Motto: "Service, Security, Brotherhood"
Mandate & Role
✅ Border Guarding Force of India
✅ Guards Indo-Nepal border (since 2001)
✅ Guards Indo-Bhutan border (since 2004)
✅ Also handles internal security, counter-insurgency, and civic action in border areas
Historical Background
✅Raised after 1962 Indo-China war to promote morale & resistance among border populations
✅ Initially active in:
🔸 NEFA (now Arunachal Pradesh)
🔸 North Assam, North Bengal, UP Hills,
🔸Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh
✅Expanded Deployment (1965–1991)
✅ States covered: Manipur, Tripura, Jammu, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Mizoram, South Bengal, Nagaland

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🔆 Key Takeaways:

✅ Make in India - Reviving Historical Legacy:
- The Make in India initiative seeks to bring India back to its historical roots as a global leader in trade and commerce.
- Historically, India was a major player in global trade, supported by an advanced transport system, and renowned for its small-scale manufacturing and cottage industries.

✅ India's Golden Age of Trade:
- India was highly prosperous, with a surplus in manufacturing that spread goods across European markets.
- India's global recognition as a Golden Bird in trade attracted European trading companies, marking India's prominence in commerce.

✅ Impact of British Colonialism:
- The arrival of European trading companies led to the decline of India's Cottage Industries and the transformation of agriculture into an export-driven system, providing raw materials for the Colonial Empire.
- The adverse economic effects, coupled with the drainage of Indian wealth and resources, led to the downfall of India's once-thriving economy.

📍 Conclusion:
- The Make in India initiative aims to revive India’s self-sufficiency in trade and commerce, drawing inspiration from its golden age of economic prosperity before colonial exploitation reshaped the economy.

#essay

#Goodmorning

⏳ 43 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳132 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳8 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳Tomorrow CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳10 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳13 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳58 days left ESE Prelims
⏳59 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳66 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳78 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳107 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳184 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 100: 12 April target:

International organization and government schemes:
Topics-
Schemes, programs,policies in news

Sources:Any coaching magazine





Current Affairs:
Related

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

IPS-2023 Cadre Allocation

🔆 River Names

📍 Ancient Names & Modern Names
✅ Kubhu → Kuram
✅ Kubha → Kabul
✅ Vitastata → Jhelum
✅ Askini → Chenab
✅ Purushni → Ravi
✅ Shatudri → Satluj
✅ Vipasha → Beas
✅ Sadanira → Gandak
✅ Drishdvati → Ghaghara
✅ Gomti → Gomal
✅ Suwastu → Swat
✅ Sindhu → Indus/Sindhu
✅ Sarsuti / Drishtwarti → Ghaghar / Saraswati Rakshi/Chittag
✅ Sushoma → Sohan
✅ Marudvridha → Maruvarman

#history

🔆POSHAN Scheme

📍Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman Scheme:

✅It was earlier known as the National Programme of Mid-Day Meal in schools.
✅In September 2021, Mid-Day Meal Scheme was renamed as Pradhan Mantri POSHAN Scheme.

✅It is a centrally sponsored scheme under which one hot cooked meal is served to students studying in Balvatika and classes I to VIII, in Government and Government-aided schools on all school-days.

✅The Scheme aims at providing nutritional support and enhancing school participation of students.

✅Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Education

#gs3
#prelims
#economy
#goverment_scheme

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List of important GS 2 - International Relations Topics for all upcoming state PSC exams & UPSC mains exam

Regional Relations:
👉India-Pakistan Relations
👉India-China Relations
👉India-Sri Lanka Relations
👉India-Sri Lanka Fishermen Issue
👉India-Bangladesh Relations
👉India-Myanmar Relations
👉India-Afghanistan (including the Taliban situation)
👉India-Nepal
👉India-Maldives

Bilateral Relations (Beyond Immediate Region):
👉India-United States (including impact of Donald Trump's policies)
👉India-Australia Relations
👉India-New Zealand Relations
👉India-United Arab Emirates (UAE) Relations
👉India-UAE Aviation Relations
👉India-Qatar Relations
👉India-Mauritius Relations

Multilateral/Global Issues:
👉Indo-Pacific
👉Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
👉Israel-Palestine Conflict
👉Two-State Solution
👉Ukraine War (potential solutions)
👉Trade Diplomacy with Europe
👉Global South and South-North Relations (India's bridging role)
👉South-South Climate Cooperation (India's role)
👉U.S. Withdrawal from the World Health Organization (WHO) - Causes and Effects

Specific Issues/Concerns:
👉China's Dam Construction and Threats to India
👉Sports Consensus between India and Pakistan

🔆 Vedic vs Later Vedic Period

📍 Sources
✅ Vedic (1500BC – 1000BC): Rig Veda
✅ Later Vedic (1000BC – 600BC): All the other Vedas. Towards the end, Upanishads were compiled. They criticized rituals and emphasized philosophy.

📍 Location
✅ Vedic: The northern and western parts of the Subcontinent. Sapt-Sindhu Region. They didn’t know land beyond Yamuna.
✅ Later Vedic: Aryans thoroughly subdued the fertile plains watered by Yamuna, Ganges and Sadanira. They crossed the Vindhyas and settled in the Deccan, to the north of Godavari.

📍 Polity
✅ Vedic: No concept of territory.
- Only Tribes (Jana) – Total members not larger than 100.
- Kings (Rajan) were advised by assemblies like Sabha & Samiti.
- Had no standing armies.
- Wars known as Gavati are fought for cattle and not for territory.
- Chiefs received voluntary offerings called Bali (remember it's not sacrifices).
✅ Later Vedic: Extended to the whole of western UP, Ganga-Yamuna doab and also penetrated to the Deccan, Vindhyas & South India.

📍 Economy
✅ Vedic: Concept of territory and territorial administration appear.
- Janapada-State, Rashtra – Territory.
- Royal power increases many folds.
- Rituals and sacrifices were performed to strengthen the king’s position – Rajasuya (consecration ceremony), Vajpeya (chariot race) and Asvamedha (horse sacrifice).
- Character of Sabha & Samiti changed. They were dominated by chiefs and rich nobles.
- Women were no longer permitted.
- Even in the Later Vedic times, king didn’t possess a standing army (as per NCERT).
- Wars were fought not only for cattle but territory.
- Bali which was a voluntary gift became a mandatory tax.
✅ Later Vedic: Settled life. Agriculture and crafts.

📍 Agriculture
✅ Vedic: Mostly barley.
✅ Later Vedic: Barley continued but rice and wheat became chief crops.

📍 Family and Women
✅ Vedic:
- Family – Kula. Household – Griha.
- Joint-family.
- Patriarchal society with indications of polyandry.
- Women could attend assemblies, they could offer sacrifices along with their husbands.
- Widow remarriage was allowed.
- No instances of child marriage and the marriageable age seems to be quite high.
✅ Later Vedic:
- Position of the father increased and women were given lower position.
- Position of women became deplorable.
- They couldn’t attend assemblies.
- Child marriages also came into vogue.
- Institution of gotra appears later Vedic period.
- Marriage within the gotra was not permitted.

📍 Social Divisions
✅ Vedic: Society was largely egalitarian.
- Varna was the term for color.
- The indigenous people conquered by Aryans were called Dasas and Dasyus.
- Differentiation based on occupation existed.
✅ Later Vedic: Society divided into 4 varnas.
- The growing cult of sacrifices added to the power of the Brahmanas.
- 4 Ashramas – Brahmachari, Grihasth, Vanaprasth, Sanyasi.

📍 Religion
✅ Vedic:
- Nature gods.
- Indra – mentioned in most number of passages.
- Agni – 2nd highest mentions.
- Soma – sacred drink.
- Sacrifices less important.
- Mostly Prayers.
✅ Later Vedic:
- Nature gods are replaced by Prajapati, Rudra & Vishnu.
- Idolatry appears.
- Pushan regarded as the god of Shudras.
- Sacrifices became more important than prayers.
#history

#Goodmorning

⏳ 44 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳133 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳9 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳3 DAYS CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳10 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳14 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳59 days left ESE Prelims
⏳60 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳67 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳79 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳108 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳185 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

Day 99: 11 April target:

International organization and government schemes:
Topics-
Governmental and non-governmental organizations in news

Sources:Any coaching magazine





Current Affairs:
Related

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆 Famous Sculpture/Painting: Statue of Gommateshwara

📍 Monument Era/Dynasty
✅ Shravanbelagola, Karnataka, Ganga Dynasty

📍 Subject Matter
✅ Monolithic statue located atop Vindhyagiri Hill in Shravanbelagola, Karnataka, India.
✅ One of the tallest monolith statues of Granite in the world, standing at a height of 57 feet (17 m).
✅ Gommateshwara, a legendary Jain figure who is believed to have attained moksha (spiritual liberation) after performing penance for 12 years.
✅ Commissioned by Chamundaraya, a commander in the Ganga dynasty, and was constructed around 983 CE.
✅ The statue’s posture, known as kayotsarga, represents a state of deep meditation and detachment from the material world.
✅ Every 12 years, a Mahamastakabhisheka ceremony is held at the statue, during which the statue is bathed in milk, ghee, and other sacred substances.


#art_and_culture

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